![]() It is concluded that the Pentecost storm exhibited a comparable structure and a similar intensity to observed bow echo systems in the United States. Adequate initial and boundary conditions are therefore essential for realistic numerical forecasts of such a bow echo event. The model experiments reveal that the development of the bow echo is particularly sensitive to the initial wind field and the lower-tropospheric moisture content. Operational numerical weather prediction models mostly failed to forecast the storm, but high-resolution regional model hindcasts enable a realistic simulation of the storm. ![]() This resulted in hurricane-force wind gusts (reaching 40 m s −1) along a narrow swath in the Rhine–Ruhr region leading to substantial damage. The synoptic and mesoscale analysis shows that the outflow of a decaying MCS above northern France triggered the storm, which exhibited the typical features of a bow echo like a bookend vortex and a rear-inflow jet. The key ingredients for the development of the Pentecost storm were the concurrent presence of low-level moisture, atmospheric conditional instability, and wind shear. Moreover, the forecast potential of the storm is evaluated using sensitivity experiments with a regional climate model. The synoptic-scale and mesoscale characteristics of this storm are analyzed based on remote sensing data and in situ measurements. ![]() This storm was one of the most severe thunderstorms in Germany in decades. ![]() On Pentecost Monday, 9 June 2014, a severe linearly organized mesoscale convective system (MCS) hit Belgium and western Germany. ![]()
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